PPL · CPL · ATPL

Air Masses and Fronts

How air masses are classified and modified, the fronts that form where they meet, the life cycle of the frontal depression and the weather as each front passes.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Airframe Icing

How supercooled water and freezing precipitation form ice on aircraft, the types and intensities of icing, frost, SLD and ice-crystal icing, and the products that forecast it.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Atmospheric Pressure

What atmospheric pressure is, how it is measured and expressed, how it changes with height and time, and how it is plotted with isobars.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Atmospheric Stability

Adiabatic cooling and warming, lapse rates, stable, unstable and conditionally unstable air, and how soundings are used to forecast convection and cloud base.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Cloud Cover and Ceiling

How cloud amount and height are measured and reported, the definitions of cloud base and ceiling, and the special codes CAVOK, NSC, NCD, SKC and vertical visibility.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Cloud Formation and Types

How lifting and cooling form cloud, how clouds are classified by height and shape, and what each cloud type means for the pilot.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Fog

The types of fog, the conditions that form and clear each one, and their impact on aerodrome operations.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Global Circulation and Climate

The three-cell model of the general circulation, the global wind and pressure belts, the ITCZ, monsoons and the world's climatic zones.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Ground Weather Radar and Satellite Imagery

How ground weather radar and weather satellites observe the atmosphere, how to read reflectivity and storm signatures, and what visible, infrared and false-colour images show.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Humidity and Water Vapour

How much water vapour the air holds, how humidity is expressed and measured, and the changes of state and latent heat that drive cloud and fog.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Jet Streams

The narrow bands of very strong upper wind, why they form, where the main jets lie, how they appear on charts and what they mean for turbulence and flight planning.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Local Winds

Winds driven by local heating and terrain, from sea breezes and katabatic flows to the föhn and the named regional winds pilots are examined on.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

METAR and SPECI

The routine and special aerodrome weather reports, their format, present and recent weather codes, runway state, remarks and automated observations.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Meteorological Services and Briefings

Who produces aviation weather and how it reaches the pilot: ICAO Annex 3, the World Area Forecast System, national agencies, forecast models, briefings and pilot reports.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Mist, Haze and Obscurations

Visibility-reducing phenomena other than fog, such as mist, haze, dust and sand, blowing snow, flat light and obscured high ground.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Mountain Waves

Standing waves and rotors that form downwind of high ground, the clouds that mark them and how to cross mountains safely.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Precipitation

How precipitation forms by the ice-crystal and coalescence processes, its types and intensities, and which clouds produce which precipitation.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Pressure Systems

Depressions, anticyclones, troughs, ridges and cols: how they form, how they develop and the weather each brings.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

SIGMET, AIRMET and Weather Warnings

In-flight hazard advisories and warnings: SIGMETs, convective SIGMETs, AIRMETs, GAMETs, centre weather advisories, aerodrome warnings and who issues them.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Significant Weather and Graphical Forecasts

Forecast charts and graphical products that show en-route hazards: high- and low-level SIGWX charts, US graphical forecasts, ceiling and visibility analysis and flight categories.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Surface and Upper Air Charts

How to read surface analysis charts and station models, constant pressure charts, and upper wind and temperature forecasts.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Surface Wind

Wind near the ground, its daily variation, gusts and gales, how it is measured and reported, and the warnings issued for strong wind.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

TAF and TREND Forecasts

The terminal aerodrome forecast and the landing trend forecast, their format, change and probability groups, amendments and how to interpret them for planning.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Temperature and Heat Exchange

How the sun and earth heat the atmosphere, why temperatures vary by season, place and time of day, and how air temperature is measured.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Temperature Inversions

Layers where temperature rises with height: how radiation, subsidence and turbulence inversions form and what they mean for visibility, cloud and flight.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

The Atmosphere

The make-up and vertical structure of the atmosphere, the International Standard Atmosphere and how air density relates to pressure and temperature.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Thunderstorms

How cumulonimbus clouds and thunderstorms form, their life cycle and types, squall lines, the hazards they bring and how pilots avoid them.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Tropical Revolving Storms

Hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones: how they form, their structure, their regional names and seasons, and the warnings issued for them.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Turbulence

The causes of atmospheric turbulence, clear air turbulence, how turbulence intensity is classified and forecast, and how to fly through it.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Visibility and Runway Visual Range

The different definitions of visibility, how prevailing visibility and RVR are measured and reported, and the instruments that measure them.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Volcanic Ash

The hazard volcanic ash poses to aircraft, how ash clouds are detected and tracked, the advisory system and colour code, and what to do in an encounter.

LIBRARY · 7 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Wind Forces and Geostrophic Wind

The forces that make the wind blow, how they balance in the geostrophic and gradient winds, and how friction and temperature change wind with height.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Windshear and Microbursts

Sudden changes in wind speed or direction, the microbursts that cause the most dangerous low-level shear, how shear is detected and warned, and how to recognise and recover.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Aerofoil Geometry

The terms used to describe an aerofoil section and the angles that define how it meets the airflow, from chord line and camber to angle of attack, angle of incidence and pitch attitude.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Aircraft Axes and Stability Fundamentals

The three axes of rotation and the basic ideas of static and dynamic stability, damping, controllability and relaxed stability.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Airflow and Bernoulli's Principle

The basic behaviour of moving air, covering streamlines, continuity, Bernoulli's principle, static, dynamic and total pressure, the venturi, the stagnation point, relative airflow and air density.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Asymmetric Flight

Flight with one engine inoperative, the yawing and rolling moments, the critical engine, identifying the failed engine and controlling sideslip.

LIBRARY · 11 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Boundary Layer

The thin layer of slowed air next to the aircraft skin, laminar and turbulent flow, the transition point, adverse pressure gradient and separation, laminar flow aerofoils and vortex generators.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Buffet and Buffet Margin

Low-speed and high-speed buffet, the buffet onset boundary, the buffet margin required at cruise and the coffin corner at high altitude.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Control Balance, Tabs and Trim

How hinge moments set control forces, the aerodynamic balances and tabs used to lighten or weight them, and the trim systems that remove steady forces.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Drag

The types of drag, how parasite and induced drag vary with speed, the drag coefficient, the total drag curve and minimum drag speed, the drag polar and the lift-to-drag ratio.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Flutter and Aeroelasticity

How airframe flexibility interacts with aerodynamic loads to cause wing twist, control reversal, flutter and buzz, and how mass balancing prevents them.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

High Speed Flight

Compressibility and Mach number, the transonic and supersonic regimes, shock and expansion waves, shock stall, wave drag and the design features that delay them.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

High-Lift Devices

Trailing-edge flaps and leading-edge slats, slots and Krueger flaps: how each works and how they change CLmax, stall angle, drag and pitch.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Induced Drag and Wingtip Vortices

How spanwise flow creates wingtip vortices and downwash, why that produces induced drag, what it depends on, and how elliptical lift, winglets and ground effect reduce it.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Lateral and Directional Stability

Stability in roll and yaw: sideslip, the fin and weathercocking, dihedral effect and its sources, and the Dutch roll and spiral modes.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Lift

How a wing produces lift, the lift equation and lift coefficient, the lift curve and CLmax, and the centre of pressure, aerodynamic centre and pitching moment.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Load Factor and Flight Envelope

Load factor in manoeuvres and gusts, structural limit and ultimate loads, and how the V-n diagram defines the safe flight envelope.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Longitudinal Stability

Stability in pitch: the tailplane's role, CG, neutral point and static margin, stick forces, manoeuvre margin and the phugoid and short-period modes.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Newton's Laws and the Four Forces

Newton's laws applied to flight, the four forces of lift, weight, thrust and drag, and how they balance as forces and couples in steady flight.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Power Curves and Speed Stability

Thrust and power required and available, the minimum drag and minimum power speeds, excess thrust and power, speed stability and the back of the drag curve.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Primary Flight Controls

The elevator, ailerons and rudder, combined control surfaces such as stabilators, ruddervators and elevons, and the secondary effects of each control.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Propeller Aerodynamics

How a propeller blade produces thrust, blade angle, helix angle and pitch, efficiency and power, variable pitch, twisting moments and windmilling.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Propeller Torque and Slipstream Effects

The left-turning tendencies of a propeller aircraft, torque reaction, spiralling slipstream, P-factor and accelerated slipstream, and how contra-rotation removes them.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Roll Control, Adverse Yaw and Spoilers

How ailerons and spoilers roll the aircraft, why adverse yaw occurs and how differential and Frise ailerons, interconnects and roll spoilers counter it.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Spins and Spiral Dives

How a stall becomes a spin, the phases and types of spin, the recovery technique, and how a spiral dive differs.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Stall

What happens at the critical angle of attack, how stall speed changes with weight, load factor and power, stall warning and wing drop, and how to recover.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Swept Wings

Why wings are swept, the low-speed penalties of sweep, tip stall and pitch-up, and the fences, vortilons and saw-tooth leading edges used to control them.

LIBRARY · 7 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Tail Configurations

Horizontal and vertical stabilisers, conventional, T, H, cruciform and canard layouts, and the deep stall, tailplane stall and fin stall risks they bring.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Turning Flight

The forces in a turn, how bank angle sets rate and radius of turn, coordination, slips and skids, and steep-turn behaviour.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Wing Planform and Design

How span, area, aspect ratio, taper, sweep, washout and planform shape affect lift, drag, stall behaviour and wing loading, and what a hard wing is.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Aeronautical Charts

The families of VFR and IFR aeronautical charts and supporting publications, what each depicts, and how pilots plot and read terrain information on them.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

Airways and ATS Routes

The structure of the airway network, from lower and upper airways, Victor airways and jet routes to RNAV Q- and T-routes, with route designators, significant points and VOR changeover points.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

Area Navigation (RNAV)

The RNAV concept of flying between waypoints rather than navaids, position sensors and DME/DME updating, waypoint and leg types, cross-track and along-track error, offsets, navigator modes, and the legacy B-RNAV and P-RNAV standards.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Chart Projections

The properties of an ideal navigation chart and how the main projections (Mercator, transverse and oblique Mercator, Lambert conformal conic and polar stereographic) compare in scale, convergency and the depiction of great circles and rhumb lines.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

Circling and Visual Approaches

Approaches completed by visual reference, including circling to land, visual and contact approaches, sidestep manoeuvres and approaches to closely spaced parallel runways with their breakout procedures.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

Continuous Descent Final Approach (CDFA)

Flying the final segment of a non-precision approach as a stabilised constant-angle descent rather than dive-and-drive, including descent gradients, step-down fixes, derived decision altitude and the visual descent point.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Dead Reckoning and Visual Navigation

Navigating by dead reckoning and map reading, estimating position, measuring and correcting track error with the 1-in-60 rule, using visual checkpoints and reporting points, and what to do when uncertain of position.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · IR · CPL · ATPL

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

How DME measures slant range by pulse timing, its channelling and frequency pairing, search and track modes, slant-range and groundspeed limitations, flying DME arcs, and its military counterparts TACAN and VORTAC.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · IR · ATPL

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

The satellite constellations (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou), their space, control and user segments, the signals and codes they transmit, and how a receiver computes position from pseudo-ranges and timing.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

GNSS Errors and Dilution of Precision

The error sources that degrade GNSS position (ephemeris, atmospheric delay, multipath, low-elevation satellites), how satellite geometry is expressed as dilution of precision, and the threat of jamming and spoofing.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · IR · ATPL

GNSS Integrity and RAIM

How GNSS integrity is assured on board through RAIM, fault detection and exclusion and other aircraft-based augmentation, the alert limits and time to alert, availability prediction, and when GNSS may be used as a sole means of navigation.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

Holding Patterns

The standard holding pattern, the direct, parallel and teardrop entry sectors, timing and wind correction, maximum holding speeds, holding stacks and the clearance items (EFC, EAT) associated with holding.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

Instrument Approach Procedures

The structure of an instrument approach from the arrival route through the initial, intermediate, final and visual segments, the key fixes, and the reversal procedures used to align with the final approach course.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

Instrument Departures (SIDs and ODPs)

How instrument departures are designed and flown, from standard instrument departures and obstacle departure procedures to straight, turning and omnidirectional departures, the obstacle identification surface and the procedure design gradient.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · IR · ATPL

Instrument Landing System (ILS)

How the ILS localizer, glide path and marker beacons provide precision approach guidance, how deviation is measured and displayed, the protection of critical and sensitive areas, false glide slopes and the ILS performance categories.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

Localizer-Based Approaches (LOC, LDA, SDF and Back Course)

Approaches that use a localizer-type course without a glide path, localizer-only, localizer back course with its reverse sensing, the offset localizer-type directional aid and the simplified directional facility.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Magnetic Compass

How the direct-reading and remote-indicating magnetic compasses are built, their acceleration and turning errors, the aircraft magnetism that causes deviation, and how a compass swing produces the deviation card.

LIBRARY · 11 MIN→

ATPL

Microwave Landing System (MLS)

How the MLS uses time-referenced scanning beams and precision DME to give azimuth, elevation and range guidance, including back-azimuth, and how it compares with the ILS.

LIBRARY · 7 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

Minimum Safe Altitudes and Cold Temperature Corrections

The family of published minimum altitudes for en-route, off-route, terminal and radar-vectored flight, how each guarantees obstacle clearance or signal reception, and the cold-temperature corrections that must be applied to them.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · IR · ATPL

Non-Directional Beacon and ADF

How the NDB and the airborne automatic direction finder work, how relative bearings are read on fixed and movable card indicators, and the errors (night effect, coastal refraction, quadrantal, dip and static) that limit ADF accuracy.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

Obstacle Clearance and Approach Minima

How PANS-OPS and TERPS protect instrument procedures from obstacles, how approaches are classified (precision, APV, non-precision; 2D and 3D), and how OCA/OCH, DA/DH and MDA/MDH minima are derived and published.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Oceanic and North Atlantic Operations

Navigating and communicating across oceanic airspace, from the North Atlantic organised track system and track message to NAT HLA requirements, long-range navigation systems, oceanic clearances, SLOP, weather deviation and the prevention of gross navigation errors.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

Performance-Based Navigation (PBN)

The ICAO PBN concept, navigation specifications, the difference between RNAV and RNP specifications, the accuracy values for each flight phase, total system error and its components, and on-board performance monitoring and alerting.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · IR · ATPL

Point of Equal Time and Point of No Return

How the critical point (point of equal time), the point of no return / point of safe return and the radius of action are defined, calculated and used in flight planning.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Polar and Grid Navigation

Why magnetic and true references break down at high latitudes and how grid navigation, grivation and gyro steering with wander corrections are used on polar routes.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Radar Principles

How primary pulse and continuous-wave radars detect targets, the pulse parameters that set range and resolution, displays and clutter processing, ground surveillance radar types, and Doppler radar and Doppler navigation.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · IR · CPL · ATPL

Radio Navigation Aids and Position Fixing

General principles common to ground-based navaids (identification, integrity monitoring, protected coverage and interference) and the techniques for homing, tracking, intercepting and fixing position with them.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Radio Wave Propagation

How radio waves travel as ground, sky and space waves, the role of the ionosphere, skip distance and dead space, line-of-sight range, and the anomalies such as ducting, fading and multipath that affect reception.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Radio Waves, Modulation and Antennas

The physics behind aviation radio: electromagnetic waves, the wavelength-frequency relationship, the frequency bands, carrier waves and modulation types, emission designators, polarisation and basic antennas.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

RNP Approaches (RNP APCH and RNP AR)

RNP approach procedures and their minima lines (LNAV, LNAV/VNAV, LP, LPV), Baro-VNAV vertical guidance, CDI scaling, overlay approaches and the special requirements of RNP AR approaches.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

SBAS and GBAS Augmentation

How satellite-based (WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS, GAGAN) and ground-based augmentation systems correct and monitor GNSS signals, and the approach capabilities they enable, including SLS and GLS.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

Standard Terminal Arrival Routes (STARs)

What STARs are for, how their altitude and speed constraints and crossing restrictions are charted and flown, what a descend via clearance authorises, and how optimised profile or continuous descents are built into them.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Terrestrial Magnetism

The Earth's magnetic field, its horizontal and vertical components, magnetic dip and poles, how the field changes over time, and why magnetic direction becomes unreliable near the poles.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

The Earth: Shape, Coordinates and Great Circles

The shape of the Earth and geodetic datums, the latitude/longitude grid, change of latitude, longitude and departure, great circles versus rhumb lines, convergency and conversion angle, and the units of distance and speed used in navigation.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Time, Sunrise and Twilight

How time is measured for navigation, from solar and sidereal days through local mean time, UTC, standard time and the date line, to sunrise, sunset, twilight and the Air Almanac.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Triangle of Velocities

The vector relationship between heading/TAS, wind and track/groundspeed, how to solve it for drift, wind correction and wind components, and how it is worked on the CRP-5 or E6B navigation computer.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

True, Magnetic and Compass Direction

The three north references, magnetic variation and isogonals, and how headings, courses and bearings are converted between compass, magnetic and true using CDMVT and the usual memory aids.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

VHF Direction Finding and Q-Code Bearings

How ground VHF direction-finding stations measure an aircraft's bearing, how bearings are classified by accuracy, and how the Q-code bearings (QDM, QDR, QTE, QUJ) and related Q-codes are used.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · IR · CPL · ATPL

VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR)

How conventional and Doppler VORs generate radials by phase comparison, how the airborne receiver displays them, the VOR's coverage and errors, and how pilots check receiver accuracy.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Accident and Incident Investigation

Annex 13 definitions of accidents, serious incidents and injuries, the States and authorities involved in an investigation, final reports and safety recommendations, and the EU and NTSB notification and reporting rules.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Aerodrome Lighting and Visual Aids

Aerodrome and identification beacons, approach lighting systems, visual approach slope indicators, threshold, edge, centre line and touchdown zone lights, stopway and taxiway lights, stop bars, runway guard lights and the FAA's runway status and pilot-controlled lighting.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Aerodrome Markings and Signs

Runway, taxiway and apron markings, runway-holding positions and the mandatory instruction and information signs on the aerodrome surface, with the ICAO standards and the main FAA differences.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Aerodrome Physical Characteristics

The Annex 14 description of an aerodrome, from the reference code and the movement and manoeuvring areas to runway types, strips and safety areas, declared distances, pavement strength, taxiways, stands and the rescue and fire fighting service.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL

Aerodrome Traffic and Circuits

Aerodrome traffic, aerodrome traffic zones, the standard circuit and FAA traffic pattern, and operating at controlled, part-time and non-towered aerodromes.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Aeronautical Information Services

How a State's aeronautical information reaches pilots, from the Annex 15 products and the three parts of the AIP to amendments and supplements on the AIRAC cycle, AICs, NOTAM, SNOWTAM, ASHTAM, pre-flight bulletins and the FAA's system.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Air Operator Certification

How commercial operators are certificated under FAA Part 119 and EASA Part-ORO, the kinds of operation they are authorised for, operations specifications and required management personnel.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Air Traffic Services

The objectives and types of air traffic services, area, approach and aerodrome control, flight information service, AFIS, advisory service and the units that provide them.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Aircraft Registration and Documents

Annex 7 aircraft categories, nationality, registration and common marks, the certificate of registration, the documents carried on board under the Chicago Convention and EU rules, the journey log, the radio station licence and the FAA ARROW checklist.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Airspace Classification: Classes A to G

The ICAO airspace classes A to G, the services and entry requirements in each, and the FAA and European additions such as surface areas, Mode C veils, TRSAs, RMZs and TMZs.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Airspace Structure

How airspace is divided into flight information regions, control areas, control zones, terminal areas, ATS routes and advisory airspace.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Alerting Service and Search and Rescue

The alerting service and its uncertainty, alert and distress phases, the Annex 12 SAR organisation, and the visual signals used between survivors, aircraft and surface craft.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

ATC Separation

The vertical, lateral, longitudinal, radar and visual separation minima ATC applies, including RVSM and height monitoring, composite separation and how wake turbulence categories and separation fit in.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Aviation Security

Acts of unlawful interference, the Tokyo, Hague and Montreal conventions, Annex 17 security programmes, screening, cargo security, disruptive passengers, armed personnel, hijack procedures and the US security framework.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Chicago Convention and ICAO

The 1944 Chicago Convention, the structure and work of ICAO, and how SARPs, PANS, regional procedures and the Annexes turn into national air law.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Commercial and Private Operations

Where the line falls between private flying and commercial air transport, including common carriage, holding out, compensation or hire, cost sharing and aerial work.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Cruising Levels and Minimum Heights

How cruising levels are chosen under the semi-circular and hemispheric rules, and the minimum heights and levels for VFR and IFR flight.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

EASA Regulatory Framework

How European aviation rules evolved from the JAA and EU-OPS to EASA, the structure of the Air OPS Regulation and its Parts, implementing rules, AMC and GM, competent authorities, ramp inspections, and European bodies such as Eurocontrol, ECAC and the Single European Sky.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

FAA Regulations and Enforcement

The structure of 14 CFR and Part 91, FAA guidance material, waivers and authorizations, and how the FAA investigates and enforces pilot deviations.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Facilitation (ICAO Annex 9)

How Annex 9 speeds the clearance of aircraft, crew, passengers and cargo across borders, including entry documents, crew member certificates, transit, and the handling of inadmissible passengers, deportees and persons in custody.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Flight Time Limitations

Flight and duty time limits and rest requirements for crew under EASA FTL and FAA Part 117, including acclimatisation, FDP extensions, augmented crews and cumulative limits.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Freedoms of the Air and Carrier Liability

The commercial freedoms of the air, the transit and transport agreements that grant them, technical stops and cabotage, scheduled services and IATA, and the conventions, insurance rules and EU passenger rights that govern carrier liability.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Interception and Visual Signals

How ATS handles strayed and unidentified aircraft, the interception procedure and signals, and the visual ground signals displayed in an aerodrome signal area.

LIBRARY · 7 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Obstacles and Obstacle Limitation Surfaces

Aerodrome and en-route obstacles, the obstacle limitation surfaces that protect an aerodrome, and how obstacles and vehicles are published, marked, lit and made frangible.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · IR · ATPL

Parallel Runway Operations

The four ICAO modes of operation on parallel or near-parallel instrument runways and the normal operating and no transgression zones that protect them.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Pilot in Command and Flight Crew Composition

The authority and responsibilities of the pilot in command, preflight action, the role of the second in command, and minimum flight and cabin crew requirements.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Required Instruments and Equipment

The instruments and equipment required for VFR and IFR flight under FAA 91.205 and the EASA IDE rules, flying with inoperative equipment, supplemental oxygen, flight into known icing and spare fuses.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Rules of the Air

The general flight rules of ICAO Annex 2, SERA and 14 CFR Part 91: see and avoid, right of way, navigation lights, formation and aerobatic flight, towing, parachuting and speed limits.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Special Use Airspace

Prohibited, restricted and danger areas and the FAA special use airspace types, plus security airspace, temporary flight restrictions and parachute areas.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

VFR, IFR and Meteorological Conditions

The difference between VMC/IMC and VFR/IFR, VFR weather minima, night VFR, special VFR, VFR-on-top and what makes a flight a controlled flight.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · IR · ATPL

Approach Speeds and Go-Around Climb Requirements

The reference and final approach speeds with their wind, gust and ice additives, and the approach-climb and landing-climb gradient requirements that can limit landing mass.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Aquaplaning

The three types of aquaplaning (hydroplaning), the aquaplaning speed formula, and the effect on braking and directional control.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Brake Energy and Tyre Speed Limits

Brake energy and tyre speed limits on takeoff and landing, VMBE, brake cooling schedules and turnaround limits, and dispatch with anti-skid inoperative.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Buffet Boundaries and Maximum Altitude

Aerodynamic and thrust-limited ceilings, buffet onset charts and the 1.3 g manoeuvre margin, coffin corner, and the high-speed limits of critical Mach and Mach tuck.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Climb Performance

Climb gradient versus rate of climb, excess thrust and excess power, Vx and Vy, climb speed schedules and crossover altitude, and climb planning tables.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Factors Affecting Takeoff and Landing Performance

How density altitude, temperature, humidity, runway slope and runway surface change take-off and landing distances, with the Class B correction factors and the Koch chart.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Landing Distance

Certified, factored and in-flight landing distances, the 60% and 70% dispatch rules, the wet runway factor, the most favourable and most likely runway rule, and assessment at time of arrival.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Minimum Control Speeds

The critical engine, asymmetric thrust and windmilling drag, and the minimum control speeds VMCG, VMCA and VMCL, plus the safe single-engine speed for light twins.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

One Engine Inoperative En-Route Performance

Performance after an engine failure en route: AEO, OEI and engine-out terms, the net en-route flight path, OEI and single-engine ceilings and cruise speed, and VXSE and VYSE for light twins.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Performance Classes and Data

Performance classes A, B and C, gross versus net performance and gradients, planning factors, and how to read performance charts, carpet plots and tables.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Range, Endurance and Gliding

The speeds for maximum range and maximum endurance, the Breguet range equation, and glide performance, best glide speed, glide ratio, glide range and minimum sink.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Reduced and Derated Takeoff Thrust

Engine thrust ratings, and how the assumed temperature (FLEX) method and derated thrust are used for takeoff and climb, with their limits.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Structural and Operating Speed Limits

The design and operating speed limits (VA, VB, VC, VD, VNO, VNE, VMO/MMO, VFE and VLO/VLE), turbulence penetration speed, and flap manoeuvring and minimum clean speeds.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Takeoff Climb Segments

The segments of the one-engine-inoperative takeoff climb, their gradient requirements, acceleration and thrust reduction heights, flap retraction and VFTO.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Takeoff Distances and Field Length

Take-off run, take-off distance and accelerate-stop distance, stopway and clearway, screen height, and balanced versus unbalanced field length.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Takeoff Flight Path and Obstacle Clearance

The gross and net takeoff flight paths, reference zero, the takeoff flight path area and obstacle accountability area, the required obstacle clearances, and engine-out SIDs.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Takeoff Mass Limitations

How the performance-limited takeoff mass comes from the field, climb, obstacle and MAT limits using RTOW charts, and how flap choice, improved climb and packs-off takeoffs can raise it.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Takeoff Speeds: V1, VR and V2

The take-off V-speeds and how they fit together, from VEF, V1 and VR to VMU, VLOF and V2, with engine failure recognition time, balanced field length, rotation technique and the certification rules that set each speed.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Wet and Contaminated Runways

How the runway surface affects friction, braking and acceleration, from dry and wet surfaces to slush, snow and ice, with contaminant drag, aquaplaning, grooving and the GRF runway condition codes.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Wind Components and Crosswind Limits

Resolving wind into headwind, tailwind and crosswind components, factoring wind in performance calculations, and demonstrated crosswind and tailwind limits.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Aircraft Mass Definitions

The chain of mass terms from basic empty mass through dry operating, zero fuel, ramp, take-off and landing mass, and their FAA weight equivalents.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Aircraft Weighing

When and how aircraft are weighed to establish empty mass and CG, the weighing equipment used, the records kept and the use of fleet mass values.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Cargo Loading and Floor Limits

Loading freight in bulk holds and unit load devices, and checking floor, running-load and compartment limits, including the use of load spreaders and restraint.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Centre of Gravity

What the centre of gravity is, how it is found from datum, arm and moment, how it is expressed in %MAC, the forward and aft limits, and the formulas for CG shift and mass changes.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Fuel Mass and Fuel Loading

Converting fuel volume to mass using specific gravity, usable and unusable fuel, and how the fuel loading and burn sequence and trim tanks move the CG.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Load and Trim Sheet

The mass and balance documents prepared before each flight, how index units simplify the trim sheet, and how last minute changes are handled.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Maximum Structural and Regulated Masses

The certified structural mass limits (ramp, take-off, landing and zero fuel), why they exist, and how performance limits give the regulated take-off and landing mass.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Standard Masses for Passengers and Baggage

When operators may use standard rather than actual masses for passengers and baggage, the EASA standard mass tables and their variants, and the FAA equivalent programme.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Air Data Computer and Air Temperature

The air data computer and ADIRS architecture, pressure transducers and static source error correction, and how outside air temperature is measured and corrected for ram rise.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS / TCAS)

How ACAS/TCAS II tracks nearby traffic and issues traffic and resolution advisories, the different RA types, and sensitivity levels, display ranges and inhibitions.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · IR · ATPL

Airborne Weather Radar

How airborne weather radar works, covering beam types, antenna tilt and gain, colour coding, ground mapping, turbulence and windshear detection, attenuation and shadow, and other storm detection systems.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Airspeed Indicator and Machmeter

How the airspeed indicator and Machmeter work, their colour markings and bugs, the chain from IAS to CAS, EAS and TAS, the errors involved, and overspeed indication.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Altimeter Settings, Altitude and Height

QNH, QFE and standard pressure settings, transition altitude, level and layer, and what altitude, height, flight level, pressure altitude and true or geometric altitude each mean.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Angle of Attack, Stall Warning and Stall Protection

How angle of attack is sensed and displayed, how stall warning systems use it, and how envelope protection works from AoA.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · IR · ATPL

Attitude Indicator

The attitude indicator (artificial horizon) and vertical gyro, how they are built, erected and powered, and the acceleration and turning errors that affect them.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · IR · ATPL

Autoland

Automatic landing, from coupled and dual-autopilot approaches to fail-passive and fail-operational systems, LAND 2 and LAND 3 status, flare, decrab and rollout guidance.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

Autopilot

How an autopilot and automatic flight control system is built and works: channels, control loops, servos and actuators, gain scheduling, interlocks, yaw damping and runaway protection.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Autothrottle

The autothrottle or autothrust system, its speed and thrust modes, TOGA thrust and the TO/GA switches, and the go-around mode with reduced go-around thrust.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Avionics Computers and Data Buses

The computing basics behind avionics: processors, memory types, analogue-digital conversion, software, built-in test and the ARINC 429 and AFDX data buses.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS)

How glass-cockpit displays are built and run: symbol generators and display units, CRT and LCD screens, the EFIS control panel, colour conventions, synoptic pages, source selection, comparators and display reversion.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

Flight Director and Autoflight Modes

The flight director and the lateral and vertical autoflight modes, including armed versus engaged modes, localiser and glideslope capture, mode reversion and the flight director comparator.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Flight Management System

The FMS and FMC architecture, how the CDU is used, the navigation and performance databases, the initialisation pages, and the dual, single and independent FMC modes.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Flight Recorders

Cockpit voice and flight data recorders, the units that collect their data, quick access recorders, underwater locator beacons and aircraft condition monitoring systems.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Flight Warning and Alerting Systems

How central warning systems rank and present alerts, including master warning and caution, aural prioritisation, the take-off configuration warning and the altitude alerting system.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · IR · ATPL

FMS Navigation and Position Updating

How the FMS builds and flies a route, from discontinuities, direct-to and pilot-defined waypoints to position updating from radio and GPS sensors, ANP and EPU, VNAV modes and required time of arrival.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · IR · ATPL

Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS / TAWS)

The GPWS basic alert modes 1 to 7 and the enhanced terrain awareness functions of EGPWS/TAWS, including look-ahead alerting, terrain display, obstacle and runway awareness, and related systems.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Gyroscopic Principles

The properties of gyroscopes, how gyros are classified and mounted, and the drift, wander, topple and gimballing errors that affect gyro instruments.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

Head-Up Display and Vision Systems

Head-up displays and HUD landing systems, enhanced and synthetic vision systems, and para-visual guidance displays.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · IR · ATPL

Heading Indicators and Compass Systems

The magnetic compass and direction indicator, and how remote indicating compass systems use a flux valve and slaving to give stable magnetic or true heading.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Inertial Navigation System (INS)

How inertial navigation works out position from accelerometers and gyros, covering gimballed and strapdown platforms, ring laser gyros, Schuler tuning and hybrid GPS-inertial solutions.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Inertial Reference System Alignment and Modes

How an IRS is aligned on the ground by gyrocompassing, the modes selected on the mode select unit, and the position drift that builds up in flight.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · IR · CPL · ATPL

Instrument Layout and Scan Technique

How flight deck instruments are laid out and colour coded, and the scan, cross-check, partial panel and unusual attitude techniques used in instrument flying.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · IR · ATPL

Navigation Displays and Indicators

Horizontal navigation instruments, from the RBI, RMI and CDI to the HSI and the EFIS navigation display, including ND modes, map orientation and the vertical situation display.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Pitot-Static System

How pitot and static pressures are sensed and piped to the air data instruments, and how blockages, leaks and position error affect what those instruments show.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Pressure Altimeter

How the pressure altimeter measures altitude with aneroid capsules, the different altimeter types and displays, and the barometric, temperature, lag and system errors that affect it.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · IR · ATPL

Primary Flight Display

The layout and symbols of the PFD and EADI: the attitude display and pitch ladder, the speed and altitude tapes, moving tapes against dials, and the flight path vector and flight path angle.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · IR · ATPL

Radio Altimeter

How the radio altimeter measures height above the terrain using FMCW signals, how it drives automatic callouts, autoland and warning systems, when radio rather than barometric minimums apply, and how it fails.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Sensors, Transducers and System Indicators

The transducers that measure and transmit position, pressure, speed, fuel and electrical values, and the indicators that display them on the flight deck.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Standby Instruments

The standby flight instruments and integrated standby systems that stay available after a primary display or electrical failure, including the standby compass.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · IR · ATPL

Turn and Slip Indicators

The turn and slip indicator, turn coordinator and slip-skid ball, how rate gyros show rate of turn, how balance is shown, and how to fly timed turns.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Vertical Speed Indicator

How the VSI derives rate of climb or descent from changing static pressure, why it lags, and how the instantaneous VSI and the cabin rate-of-climb indicator differ.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

ACARS and Aircraft Datalink

How ACARS and other air-ground datalinks carry messages between aircraft, airlines and ATS, from service providers and the communications management unit to VHF and HF data link and datalink departure clearances such as PDC and DCL.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

ADS-B and ADS-C

How aircraft broadcast (ADS-B) or report by contract (ADS-C) their own GNSS-derived position, the 1090ES and UAT data links, ADS-B In services such as TIS-B and FIS-B, integrity parameters, the US and EU mandates, and space-based ADS-B.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Aerodrome Control Phraseology

Radio exchanges on and around the aerodrome, from start-up, pushback and taxi to holding short and crossing runways, line-up, take-off and landing clearances, and tower warnings such as wake turbulence and microburst alerts.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Aeronautical Telecommunication Services

The framework behind every radio call, from ICAO Annex 10 and the ITU to the aeronautical mobile and fixed services, aeronautical and aircraft stations, AFTN, the CNS/ATM concept and radio operator licensing.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Air Traffic Control Units

The ATC units a flight talks to from gate to gate (clearance delivery, apron, ground, tower, approach and area/centre), what each controls, and how procedural control and flight progress strips work.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Aircraft Interphone and Audio Systems

The aircraft's internal communication systems, from audio control panels and the flight, service and cabin interphones to crew and ground calls, the passenger address and PRAM, microphones and push-to-talk, hot mike and acoustic feedback, and on-board mobile telephony.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · IR · ATPL

ATC Clearances

What an ATC clearance authorises, the elements of an IFR clearance, clearance limits, conditional, amended and cruise clearances, void times and release, expected altitudes, approach clearances and cancelling IFR.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR

Communications at Non-Towered Aerodromes

How pilots communicate where no control tower operates, from the CTAF, UNICOM and MULTICOM to European AFIS and air/ground stations, self-announce broadcasts, air-to-air frequencies, beacons and pilot-controlled lighting.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · IR · ATPL

Controller-Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC)

How CPDLC replaces routine voice exchanges with text messages, the FANS 1/A and ATN implementations, logging on through AFN, the European data link mandate, US Data Comm and when to revert to voice.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Distress and Urgency Communications

The MAYDAY, PAN PAN and SECURITE signals and message formats, relaying distress messages, imposing and cancelling radio silence, the emergency frequencies, emergency descent broadcasts and interception communications.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Emergency Beacons and Search and Rescue Signals

Emergency locator transmitters and other distress beacons, the Cospas-Sarsat satellite system and the roles of 406 and 121.5 MHz, SAR and maritime frequencies, and the visual and pyrotechnic distress signals used to attract rescuers.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Flight Information and Broadcast Services

How pilots obtain information by radio, from flight information service, ATIS, D-ATIS and VOLMET to US flight service stations, the former Flight Watch service and remote communications outlets.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · IR · ATPL

Position Reports and Required Reports

When and how pilots report position to ATC, compulsory and on-request reporting points, the report format, revised estimates and the other reports pilots make unprompted, including equipment malfunction and ride reports.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Radar Services and Vectoring

The ATS surveillance services controllers provide, from radar identification, vectoring, orbits and flight following to traffic information, avoiding action and TCAS reports, the ground-based safety nets STCA and MSAW, and SRA, PAR and no-gyro radar approaches.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Radio Communication Failure

What to do when two-way radio contact is lost, from recognising the failure and dealing with a stuck microphone to transmitting blind, the ICAO, SERA and FAA procedures including 7601, the 20-minute rule and AVEF, and the tower's light signals.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Radiotelephony Call Signs

How aircraft and ground stations are identified on the radio, from the three types of aircraft call sign and telephony designators to the rules for abbreviating and changing call signs, ATS unit suffixes and ICAO location indicators.

LIBRARY · 7 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Radiotelephony Phraseology

The standard words and phrases of aviation radiotelephony and their exact meanings, from ROGER, WILCO, AFFIRM and UNABLE to corrections, cleared versus approved and the discretion terms, the readback and hearback requirements, and the ICAO, EU, UK and FAA manuals that define them.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Radiotelephony Transmitting Technique

How to make clear radio transmissions, from microphone technique, the ICAO spelling alphabet and the transmission of numbers, frequencies and time to initial calls, radio checks and the readability scale, general calls, listening watch and the order of priority of messages.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Secondary Surveillance Radar and Transponders

How SSR interrogates aircraft transponders, the Mode A, C and S replies and altitude encoding, Mode S addressing and surveillance levels, the garbling and FRUIT problems that Mode S addresses, and squawk codes and phraseology.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Transponder Codes and Squawk Phraseology

The discrete and special-purpose SSR codes (7500, 7600, 7700, 7000, 1200, 2000), how codes are assigned and changed, the ident and special position identification function, and the standard transponder phraseology used by ATC.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

VHF, HF and Satellite Communications

The aircraft's voice radios, from VHF transceivers, active and standby frequencies, 25 and 8.33 kHz channel spacing and squelch to HF single sideband and frequency choice, the HF antenna coupler, SELCAL and satellite communications.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Acceleration and G-Forces

Explains the effects of sustained and impact acceleration on the body, from grey-out and G-LOC to red-out, and the ways to raise G-tolerance.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Aeronautical Decision-Making and Risk Management

Covers how pilots make decisions, the structured decision models used in training and airlines, and the tools for assessing and reducing flight risk, including personal minimums.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Alcohol, Drugs and Medication

Covers how alcohol and medication affect pilot performance, legal alcohol limits and reporting rules, substance-misuse and peer-support programmes, and common drug classes.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Attention, Vigilance and Distraction

Explains attention as a limited resource, how fixation, lockup and low vigilance develop, and how pilots manage interruptions and distractions.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Barotrauma and Decompression Sickness

Explains how pressure changes affect trapped gases in the body, causing ear, sinus, dental and gut barotrauma, and covers cabin decompression, time of useful consciousness and decompression sickness.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Carbon Monoxide and Cabin Air Hazards

Covers carbon monoxide poisoning and its detection, fume events, ozone and low humidity in the cabin, and exposure to cosmic radiation.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Circulatory System and Cardiovascular Health

Describes the heart, blood vessels and blood, how oxygen is transported, and the cardiovascular diseases and risk factors that matter for pilot fitness.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Cognitive Biases in Decision-Making

Explains the cognitive biases that distort pilot judgement, with emphasis on plan continuation bias, get-there-itis, VFR into IMC and other operational pitfalls.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Crew Resource Management (CRM)

Covers the aims and skills of CRM, crew coordination and cross-monitoring, group decision-making pitfalls, debriefing, and single-pilot resource management.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Fatigue

Defines pilot fatigue and its causes and effects, and covers controlled rest, fatigue reporting and fatigue risk management systems.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Fitness to Fly and Pilot Incapacitation

Covers self-assessment of fitness to fly, everyday health threats such as dehydration, low blood sugar and travel illness, and how crews recognise and handle incapacitation.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · IR · ATPL

Flight Deck Automation

The human factors of automated flight decks: choosing and managing levels of automation, complacency and dependency, mode confusion and automation surprise, and keeping manual flying skills.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Flight Deck Communication

Explains communication models, verbal and non-verbal channels, barriers to understanding, and the listening, questioning and closed-loop techniques used by crews.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Flight Deck Design and Ergonomics

How flight deck controls, displays and checklists are designed around human capabilities, from anthropometry and the design eye position to shape coding and standardisation, and how poor design induces error.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Flight Deck Leadership and Authority Gradient

Leadership styles on the flight deck, the Blake and Mouton grid, the authority gradient and cultural power distance, and the assertiveness techniques crews use to speak up.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Hazardous Attitudes

Describes the five hazardous attitudes and their antidotes, and how overconfidence and complacency erode safety as experience grows.

LIBRARY · 7 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Hearing and Noise

Explains how the ear detects sound, how noise is measured, and how pilots can prevent noise-induced and age-related hearing loss.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Human Error and Accident Causation

How human errors and violations are classified, how Rasmussen's skill, rule and knowledge levels explain them, and how Reason's Swiss cheese model links active failures and latent conditions to accidents.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Human Factors Accident Case Studies

Summarises the landmark accidents that shaped human factors and CRM training, and the lessons each one taught.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Human Factors and the SHELL Model

Introduces aviation human factors and human performance and limitations, and explains the SHELL model and its interfaces.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Human Information Processing

Explains the information processing model, from the nervous system and sensory memory through perception and decision to action and reaction time.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Hypoxia and Hyperventilation

Covers respiration and gas exchange, the types, stages and prevention of hypoxia, and how to recognise and correct hyperventilation.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Memory and Learning

Covers short-term, working and long-term memory, their limits and failures, and how pilots learn and retain skills.

LIBRARY · 7 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Personality and Motivation

Personality traits and the models used to describe them, the mental health conditions that matter for fitness to fly, and the theories of motivation, rewards and job design.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Safety Culture and Occurrence Reporting

Explains safety culture and just culture, the drift towards normalised deviance, and the mandatory and confidential reporting schemes that feed safety learning.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Safety Management Systems

Covers the structure of an SMS, hazard identification and risk assessment, and the safety assurance programmes such as FDM/FOQA and LOSA.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Situational Awareness

Explains situational awareness using Endsley's three-level model, the role of individual and shared mental models, and how monitoring failures lead to its loss.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Sleep and Circadian Rhythms

Covers sleep stages and how sleep is measured, the body clock and its disruption by jet lag and shift work, and common sleep disorders.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Spatial Disorientation and the Vestibular System

Explains how the vestibular and somatosensory systems sense orientation, the vestibular illusions they produce in flight, and motion sickness.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Stress

Explains stress and stressors, the body's stress response and arousal, the startle effect, and coping and stress-management strategies.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

The Eye and Vision

Describes the structure of the eye, how central, peripheral and depth vision work, and how vision changes from day to night.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Threat and Error Management (TEM)

Explains the TEM framework of threats, errors and undesired aircraft states, and the countermeasures crews use to manage them.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Vision Defects and Eye Protection

Covers common vision defects and eye diseases, the medical standards for correcting them, and the choice of sunglasses and lenses for flying.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Visual Illusions

Describes the visual illusions that mislead pilots, especially on approach and at night, and the techniques that counter them.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance

Explains the limits of see-and-avoid, effective lookout scanning techniques, and how to recognise a traffic conflict on a constant bearing.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Workload Management

Covers what workload is, the dangers of overload and task saturation, and how pilots plan, prioritise and shed tasks to stay ahead of the aircraft.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

Aerodrome Operating Minima

Explains how take-off and landing minima are established and applied, including system minima, RVR and CMV, required visual references and the approach ban.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Aircraft Ground De-icing and Anti-icing

Covers the clean aircraft concept and ground icing contamination, de-icing and anti-icing fluids and procedures, holdover times, pre-take-off contamination checks and engine ice shedding on the ground.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Bird Strike and Foreign Object Damage

Covers the hazards of bird strikes and foreign object debris, how they are reported and prevented, and the operational response after a strike or ingestion.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Cabin Safety and Passenger Management

Cabin crew numbers and roles, the senior cabin crew member, cockpit-cabin communication and the cabin secure report, passenger signs and safety briefings, seat belts and infant restraints, passengers with reduced mobility and portable electronic devices.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · IR · ATPL

Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)

Describes CFIT and approach-and-landing accidents, their contributing factors, the ALAR prevention strategies and the terrain escape manoeuvre.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Crew Coordination, Briefings and Callouts

Covers how a multi-pilot crew divides and transfers duties, conducts briefings, protects critical phases with a sterile flight deck, and uses standard callouts to monitor the flight path and automation.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Dangerous Goods

Covers the carriage of dangerous goods by air, from classification, UN numbers, packing and labels to documentation, acceptance, operator approval and the NOTOC, with lithium batteries, dry ice and mercury.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Decompression and Emergency Descent

Covers loss of cabin pressure, the emergency descent procedure, and the supplemental and first-aid oxygen requirements for crew and passengers.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Emergency Evacuation

When to evacuate, the brace command and position, door arming and disarming, escape slides, exit row seating restrictions, how an evacuation is conducted and the break-in markings used by rescue crews.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Engine Failure and Engine Fire

Covers engine failure after V1 and after take-off, the engine fire and severe damage drills, single-engine approach and landing, and loss of thrust on all engines, including in-flight relight.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL

ETOPS and Extended Diversion Time Operations

Covers EDTO/ETOPS operations far from en-route alternates, redispatch planning, ultra long range flights and the contingency procedures used in oceanic airspace such as the North Atlantic.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Flight Deck Security and Bomb Threats

The reinforced flight deck door and the rules for keeping it locked, normal and emergency access, secondary barriers, how bomb threats are assessed, bomb on board procedures and the least-risk bomb location.

LIBRARY · 7 MIN→

PPL · CPL

Flight Training Manoeuvres

Covers the performance and ground-reference manoeuvres flown in private and commercial pilot training, short- and soft-field techniques, and the safety checks flown before manoeuvring.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Forced Landing and Ditching

Covers off-aerodrome emergency landings, from precautionary and forced landings, field selection and the impossible turn to ditching technique and the life jackets, life rafts and survival equipment required over water.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Go-Around and Missed Approach

Explains when and how to fly a go-around, the associated callouts and policies, and variants including low approaches, low passes and engine-out missed approaches.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Ground Handling, Pushback and Engine Start

The aircraft turnaround and its ground support equipment, ground power and air, marshalling, chocks, gear pins and steering lockout, pushback, towing and powerback, and engine starts with ground or crossbleed air, including aborted starts and start fires.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

In-Flight Fire, Smoke and Fumes

Covers recognising and handling smoke, fire and fumes on board, from electrical, avionics, galley, lavatory and lithium battery fires to smoke removal, fire classes, extinguishers and protective breathing equipment.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

In-Flight Medical Emergencies

How cabin and flight crew manage illness and injury on board, the first aid and emergency medical kits and first-aid oxygen carried, ground-based medical advice, the diversion decision and the crew meal policies that protect the pilots.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Landing Gear, Flap and Trim Malfunctions

Recognising gear, flap and trim failures, emergency gear extension, tower fly-bys, gear-up and partial gear landings, flight with the gear down, flapless and reduced flap landings, and runaway trim or stabiliser.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Landing Technique and Crosswind Operations

Covers the landing flare and touchdown, landing faults such as floating, ballooning and hard or long landings, and crosswind techniques for take-off, landing and taxi.

LIBRARY · 11 MIN→

PPL · IR · CPL · ATPL

Level Bust

Covers deviations from the cleared altitude or flight level, why they happen, and the altimeter cross-checks and crew practices that prevent them.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · IR · ATPL

Low Visibility Operations

Covers the EASA and FAA frameworks for low visibility take-offs and CAT II/III approaches, SA CAT I and SA CAT II, aerodrome low visibility procedures, alert height, fail-passive and fail-operational systems and the cockpit geometry that governs the visual segment.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Managing Non-Normal Situations and Diversion

Covers the principles for handling failures and emergencies, from aviate-navigate-communicate and cross-checked actions to deciding how urgently to land and where to divert.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Noise Abatement Procedures

Covers the procedures used to reduce aircraft noise around aerodromes, including NADP departures, noise preferential runways and routes, and continuous descent operations.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Operational Control and Flight Dispatch

Covers how operators exercise operational control over flights through dispatchers, flight following and operations control centres, and the types of flight and approvals this applies to.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Operations Manual and Flight Crew Documentation

Covers the structure and purpose of the operator's operations manual and the manufacturer documents crews use, including the AFM/POH, FCOM, FCTM, cabin crew manual and airport planning data.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Pre-flight Preparation and Routine Checks

The pre-flight information a pilot must study (NWKRAFT), the exterior walkaround, cockpit preparation, the flight control and taxi instrument checks, and the FREDA routine checks made en route.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Refuelling Safety and Fuel Emergencies

Covers safe refuelling and defuelling, from bonding, fuelling zones and fuelling with passengers on board to misfuelling, sampling and contamination checks, and in-flight fuel exhaustion, starvation and leaks.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Runway Excursions

What runway excursions are, why aircraft overrun or veer off runways on take-off and landing, the risk factors behind them and the operational, performance and infrastructure defences against them.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · IR · ATPL

Stabilised Approach

Covers the criteria that define a stabilised approach, the stabilisation gates, approach energy management and the hazards of unstable, steep or below-path approaches.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Standard Operating Procedures and Checklists

Why SOPs exist, how normal, abnormal and supplementary procedures differ, how cockpit flows, challenge-and-response and read-and-do checklists are used and disciplined, and the place of memory items, touch drills and the QRH.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Take-off Procedures and Rejected Take-off

Covers take-off data preparation and checks, rolling and intersection take-offs, the go/no-go decision and rejected take-off speed regimes, and rotation technique to avoid tail strikes.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Taxiing and Runway Incursion Prevention

Safe ground manoeuvring of aircraft, from turning radius, wing growth and 180-degree runway turns to exterior lights and deflated tyres, and the prevention of runway incursions, LAHSO conflicts and wrong-surface events.

LIBRARY · 11 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Technical Log, MEL and Deferred Defects

The aircraft technical log and the release to service, how defects are deferred, the structure of the MEL and its no-go items, (M) and (O) procedures, rectification intervals, deactivation and INOP placards, and dispatch with inoperative flight recorders.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · IR · ATPL

Unreliable Airspeed

Why airspeed indications become unreliable, how to recognise it, the memory items and pitch-and-power flying that follow, and the accidents that shaped the procedures.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Upset Prevention and Recovery

Covers loss of control in flight and how to prevent and recover from upsets, including nose-high and nose-low recoveries, stall and spin recovery, overspeed, and flying pitch and power with unreliable airspeed.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Wake Turbulence and Jet Blast

Covers the generation and behaviour of wake vortices, wake turbulence categories and separation minima, avoidance techniques, and the related hazards of jet blast and rotor downwash.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · IR · ATPL

Air Traffic Flow Management

How demand is balanced against ATC capacity in Europe and the US, the Network Manager, ATC slots, ground stops, ground delay programmes, EDCTs, severe weather plans and preferred routes.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

Alternate Aerodromes

Selecting take-off, en-route and destination alternates, the adequate and suitable aerodrome concepts, planning minima and the FAA 1-2-3 rule and alternate minimums.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · IR · CPL · ATPL

ATC Flight Plan

When an ATS flight plan is required, the types of flight plan, how to fill in the ICAO form item by item, and how plans are filed, processed and closed.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Climb and Descent Planning

Using CAP 697 reference-aircraft data to find time, fuel and distance for the climb and descent, and locating the top of climb, top of descent and end of descent.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Cost Index and Cruise Economics

How operators trade fuel against time using cost index, ECON, long range and maximum range cruise, specific range, optimum altitude, step climbs and fuel tankering.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Fuel Planning and Fuel Reserves

How the pre-flight fuel figure is built up from taxi, trip, contingency, alternate, final reserve, additional and extra fuel under the EASA fuel scheme, with the decision point and isolated aerodrome procedures, fuel emergencies and the FAA reserve rules.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

In-Flight Fuel Management

Monitoring fuel on board and endurance in flight, fuel checks and consumption monitoring, bingo fuel and diversion decisions, and the MINIMUM FUEL and MAYDAY FUEL declarations.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Operational Flight Plan

The operator's flight plan and navigation log, computer flight plans, company routes, time estimates, terrain escape planning and the dispatch release.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Aircraft Categories and CS-23 / Part 23

Covers the light aeroplane certification codes CS-23 and Part 23 and the normal, utility, aerobatic and commuter categories with their limits.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Aircraft Certificates and Flight Permits

The certificates an individual aircraft needs, from registration and the certificate of airworthiness to the ARC and noise certificate, and how permits to fly, ferry permits and experimental certificates let other aircraft fly.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Airline Pilot Training and Checking

Follows an airline pilot's training from indoctrination and conversion through line training and consolidation to recurrent training, proficiency checks and line checks.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Class and Type Ratings

Explains aircraft category, class and type ratings under EASA and FAA rules, when a type rating is required, and the difference between revalidation and renewal.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Commercial and Airline Transport Pilot Licences

Covers the privileges and requirements of the CPL, ATPL/ATP certificate, restricted ATP and MPL, plus the MCC course, ATP-CTP and age limits.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Continuing Airworthiness and Maintenance

Explains how an aircraft is kept airworthy through maintenance programmes, required inspections, airworthiness directives, pilot preventive maintenance and release to service.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL

Failure Conditions and System Safety

Explains how certification classifies failure conditions by severity and links each to a maximum allowed probability, including software assurance levels.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Flight Instructors and Examiners

The FAA and EASA instructor and examiner certificates, what each may teach or test, endorsements, logging dual given, and the role of airline training captains.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Flight Simulation Training Devices

The categories of simulators and training devices, from computer-based training to full flight simulators, and what training each can credit.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Flight Time Logging and Recent Experience

Explains how pilots log PIC, solo, cross-country and instrument time, and the recent experience, night currency and flight review rules that keep privileges valid.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

IR · CPL · ATPL

Instrument Rating

Covers the instrument rating's privileges, training and cross-country requirements, and how it is kept valid through revalidation, currency and proficiency checks.

LIBRARY · 7 MIN→

PPL · CPL · IR · ATPL

Knowledge Tests and Checkrides

The EASA theoretical knowledge examinations and FAA knowledge tests, the handbooks and Airman Certification Standards behind them, stage checks, and the practical test or skill test for a licence.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Large Aeroplane Certification (CS-25 / Part 25)

Covers the CS-25 and Part 25 transport-category standards, including icing certification envelopes, flight into known icing, stall warning margins and emergency exit and evacuation requirements.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Medical Certification

EASA and FAA medical certificate classes, who issues them, the examination, special issuance and BasicMed, and a pilot's duties when medical fitness decreases.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL

Pilot Endorsements and Additional Ratings

FAA logbook endorsements for complex, high-performance, high-altitude and glider towing operations, the technically advanced airplane, EASA differences training and the night rating.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Pilot Licensing Framework

Explains how pilot licensing is organised under ICAO Annex 1, EASA Part-FCL and FAA Part 61, including training organisations, foreign licences and language proficiency.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Structural Design and Design Loads

Limit and ultimate loads, the factor of safety, proof and burst pressures, primary structure, and the safe-life, fail-safe and damage-tolerant philosophies behind structural inspection programmes.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Student, Private and Recreational Pilot Licences

Covers the student pilot stage and first solo, and the privileges and requirements of the LAPL, PPL and FAA sport and recreational certificates.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Type Certification

How aircraft designs are certified against airworthiness codes, from ICAO Annex 8 and the certification specifications to type certificates, special conditions, STCs and equipment standards.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

AC Electrical Theory

Alternating current principles as used on aircraft, from RMS values and phase to true, reactive and apparent power, power factor and the three-phase 115/200 V 400 Hz supply.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

AC Generators, CSD and IDG

How aircraft alternators generate AC power, from brushless construction and exciters to constant speed drives, integrated drive generators and variable-frequency systems.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Air Conditioning Packs

How air conditioning packs cool hot bleed air using heat exchangers and the air cycle machine, remove water, and how pack flow is controlled and pack failures are handled.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Aircraft Batteries

The lead-acid, nickel-cadmium and lithium-ion batteries used in aircraft, their capacity, charging, switching and monitoring, and hazards such as thermal runaway.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Aircraft Exterior Lighting

The exterior lights fitted to aircraft (anti-collision beacons, strobes, landing, taxi, turn-off and logo lights) and when each is used.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Aircraft Materials, Fastening and Corrosion

The metals and composites used in airframes, how parts are joined by riveting and bonding, and the forms of corrosion and protective treatments that affect them.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Aircraft Wheels and Tyres

Aircraft wheel types and tyre construction, markings and ratings, nitrogen inflation, creep, wear and damage, and the fusible plugs that prevent tyre bursts.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Airframe Structure and Construction

How aircraft fuselages, wings and tail units are built, from truss and monocoque designs to the semi-monocoque stressed-skin structures and pressure hulls of modern airliners.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Anti-Skid and Autobrake

How anti-skid systems prevent wheel lock and skids, the protections they give at touchdown and against aquaplaning, and how autobrakes deliver a selected deceleration.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)

What the APU is and how it supplies electrical and bleed air power, its air intake, starting and shutdown logic, cool-down period and fire protection.

LIBRARY · 11 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Aviation Fuel Grades and Properties

The grades of aviation gasoline and jet fuel, their specifications, and key properties such as flash point, freezing point, calorific value, volatility and vapour lock.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Bleed Air and Pneumatic Systems

How compressed air is bled from engine compressors, regulated and distributed through the pneumatic system, and how leaks, duct overheats and contamination are detected.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Cabin Air Distribution and Equipment Cooling

How conditioned air is mixed, recirculated, filtered and distributed to cabin zones, the fresh air requirement, and how avionics bays and cargo compartments are ventilated.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Cabin Heaters and Engine-Driven Blowers

How light and older aircraft heat and supply cabin air using exhaust heat exchangers, combustion heaters and engine-driven blowers, and the carbon monoxide risk involved.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Carburettors and Fuel Injection

How float-type carburettors and fuel injection meter fuel for piston engines, and the induction icing, carburettor heat and hot-start problems that affect them.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Cargo and Lavatory Fire Protection

How smoke is detected in cargo holds and lavatories, the cargo compartment classes, and the fixed extinguishing systems that protect these areas.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Circuit Protection and Switching Devices

Fuses, circuit breakers and current limiters that protect aircraft wiring, and the relays, contactors, solenoids and sensing switches that control circuits.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Combustion Chambers and Turbines

How gas turbine combustors burn fuel stably and how turbines extract energy, including turbine materials, blade cooling, creep, clearance control and turbine entry temperature.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Crew Oxygen Systems

The gaseous oxygen systems that supply flight crew, including diluter-demand and pressure-demand regulators, quick-donning masks, smoke goggles and system indicators.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

DC Generators, Motors and Starter-Generators

How DC generators and motors work, how their output is indicated and protected, and how starter-generators combine both roles.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

De-Icing Boots and Fluid Ice Protection

How pneumatic de-icing boots and TKS weeping-wing fluid systems remove or prevent airframe ice, including cyclic operation and ice bridging.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Doors, Emergency Exits and Escape Slides

How aircraft doors and emergency exits are designed and armed, and how escape slides, slide rafts and escape ropes are used for evacuation.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Electrical Bonding, Static and Interference

How bonding, static dischargers and cable screening protect aircraft from static build-up, lightning and electromagnetic or radio frequency interference.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Electrical Fundamentals and DC Circuits

The basic electrical quantities and laws, series and parallel circuits, capacitors and inductors, and common circuit faults as they apply to aircraft systems.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Electrical Power Distribution

How electrical power is distributed through busbars, bus ties and contactors, the split and paralleled system layouts, essential buses, external power and load shedding.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Electromagnetism and Induction

Magnetic fields around conductors, electromagnetic induction and the hand rules that predict how generators and motors behave.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Engine Fire Protection

How engine fires are contained and extinguished, from designated fire zones and firewalls to fire handles, extinguisher bottles and discharge indicators.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Engine Indications and Condition Monitoring

The primary gas turbine engine indications (N1, N2, EPR, fuel flow and EGT) and their limits, plus vibration monitoring, trend monitoring and borescope inspection.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Engine Lubrication Systems

How piston and gas turbine engines are lubricated, including oil types, pressure and scavenge systems, filters, coolers and the accessory gearbox.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

FADEC and Engine Fuel Control

How gas turbine fuel flow is scheduled, from hydromechanical fuel control units to full authority digital engine control, including overspeed and engine limit protection.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Fire and Overheat Detection

How aircraft detect engine, APU and wheel-well fires and overheats, from continuous fire wires and gas-filled detectors to flame detectors and fire warnings.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Fire Extinguishing Agents and Hand Extinguishers

The fire triangle, the extinguishing agents used on aircraft such as halon, CO2, dry powder, foam and water-glycol, and the hand-held extinguishers carried in the cabin.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Flap Systems

How trailing-edge flaps are driven and controlled, and the protections against flap asymmetry, skew and excessive air loads.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Flight Deck Layout and Master Warnings

How the flight deck is arranged for the crew, including the eye reference position, overhead panel and guarded switches, and how master warning and caution lights alert them.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Flight Deck, Cabin and Emergency Lighting

Flight deck and cabin lighting such as integral, flood and dome lights, and the emergency lighting and floor path marking that guide an evacuation.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Fly-by-Wire and Flight Envelope Protection

How fly-by-wire replaces mechanical linkages with computers and electrical signals, the redundancy that makes it safe, the Airbus control laws and the flight envelope protection they provide.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Fuel Additives and Contamination

Fuel additives such as icing inhibitors, anti-static and lubricity agents, and how water and microbial contamination are prevented, detected and drained.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Fuel Feed, Boost Pumps and Crossfeed

How fuel is delivered from tanks to engines by gravity or boost pumps, how crossfeed and transfer manage imbalance, and pump problems such as cavitation and unporting.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Fuel Quantity and Temperature Indication

How fuel quantity is measured and displayed, from float gauges and dripsticks to capacitance systems, and why fuel temperature and cold soak are monitored.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Fuel Tanks, Venting and Inerting

Types and layout of aircraft fuel tanks, baffles and collector tanks, the vent system, and nitrogen inerting to reduce fuel tank flammability.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Gas Turbine Engine Fuel System

How fuel travels from the aircraft tanks through the engine's LP and HP pumps, heaters, filters and shut-off valves to the fuel manifold.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Gas Turbine Engine Starting

How gas turbine engines are started with pneumatic starters and ground or APU air, the normal sequence to self-sustaining speed, and abnormal starts such as hot, hung and wet starts.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Gas Turbine Engine Types

The main families of gas turbine engine (turbojet, turbofan, turboprop and turboshaft), spool arrangements, bypass ratio, thrust augmentation and how engines are installed on the airframe.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Gas Turbine Ignition, Flameout and Relight

The high-energy ignition system of a gas turbine, when continuous or automatic ignition is used, and how flameouts occur and engines are relit in flight.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Gas Turbine Intakes and Compressors

How intakes and compressors deliver air to a gas turbine, and how compressor stall and surge occur and are prevented with bleed valves and variable vanes.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Gas Turbine Principles, Thrust and Ratings

The thermodynamics of the gas turbine (Brayton cycle, gas laws, duct flow), how thrust is produced, engine efficiencies, and flat rating and thrust time limits.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Generator Control, Protection and Paralleling

How generator control units regulate voltage, protect alternators against faults and connect them to the buses, including synchronising and load sharing in paralleled systems.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Hydraulic Pumps and Power Sources

How hydraulic pressure is generated and stored, covering engine-driven, electric, air-driven and hand pumps, accumulators, standby systems and the ram air turbine.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Hydraulic System Principles and Fluids

The physics behind aircraft hydraulics, the fluids used, and the reservoirs, filters, seals and system layouts that keep a hydraulic system working.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Hydraulic Valves and Actuators

The valves that direct, limit and protect hydraulic flow, and the jacks, motors and servo actuators that turn fluid pressure into movement.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Ice Protection and Ice Detection

The difference between anti-icing and de-icing, what aircraft ice and rain protection systems cover, and how airframe ice is detected visually and automatically.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Landing Gear Indication and Configuration Warnings

How gear position is shown to the crew and how gear and take-off configuration warnings alert them to unsafe configurations.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Landing Gear Layouts and Shock Absorbers

The layouts and structure of aircraft landing gear, from tailwheel and tricycle arrangements to bogies, and how oleo-pneumatic struts absorb landing loads.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Landing Gear Retraction and Extension

How landing gear is retracted, locked up and down, protected against retraction on the ground by air/ground logic, and extended by alternate means.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Mechanical Flight Control Systems

How cockpit controls connect to the control surfaces through cables, pulleys, bellcranks and torque tubes, and the stops, locks and jam protection built into them.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Mixture Control and Abnormal Combustion

How pilots control fuel/air mixture in piston engines, from stoichiometric and best-power settings to leaning, and the abnormal combustion it can cause such as detonation and pre-ignition.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Nose Wheel Steering

How aircraft are steered on the ground through nose wheel and body gear steering, tillers and rudder pedals, and how shimmy, centring and towing are managed.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Passenger and Portable Oxygen

How passengers receive emergency oxygen from continuous-flow masks and chemical generators, and the portable oxygen sets and smoke hoods carried for crew and first aid.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Piston Engine Ignition Systems

How magnetos and spark plugs ignite the mixture in piston engines, including dual ignition, impulse couplings, ignition timing, magneto checks and plug fouling.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Piston Engine Principles

How the four-stroke reciprocating engine works, its valve timing and the main measures of power and efficiency, plus engine cooling and cylinder head temperature.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Potable Water and Drain Systems

How the potable water system supplies galleys and lavatories, and how drain masts and engine drains discharge fluids overboard, including drain mast heating.

LIBRARY · 7 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Powered Flying Controls and Artificial Feel

How hydraulic power control units move control surfaces, the difference between power-assisted and fully powered controls, and how artificial feel restores control forces.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Pressurisation Principles and Control

Why aircraft are pressurised, how cabin altitude and differential pressure are controlled through the outflow valve, and the pressurisation schedule, modes and rate control.

LIBRARY · 11 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Pressurisation Safety Valves and Warnings

The safety, negative-pressure and dump valves that protect the pressure hull, blow-out panels, and the cabin altitude warnings that signal a pressurisation failure.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Probe Heat, Window Heat and Rain Protection

How pitot and other probes and flight deck windows are heated, and how wipers, rain repellent and hydrophobic coatings keep windshields clear.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Propeller Ice Protection

How propellers are protected against ice by electrothermal overshoes and fluid slinger rings, and how cyclic de-icing is applied to the blades.

LIBRARY · 7 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Propellers and Propeller Control

Propeller pitch and types from fixed-pitch to constant-speed, how the governor controls blade angle, and feathering, reverse pitch, overspeed protection and synchronisation.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Refuelling Systems and Fuel Jettison

How aircraft are refuelled by gravity or single-point pressure refuelling, how defuelling works, and how fuel jettison systems dump fuel in flight.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Semiconductors and Logic Gates

Semiconductor basics, diodes and transistors, integrated circuits, and the digital logic gates and truth tables used in aircraft systems.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Spoilers and Speed Brakes

How flight and ground spoilers and speed brakes are used for roll control, drag and lift dumping, and how they are mixed and deployed automatically.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Structural Loads, Stress and Fatigue

The loads an airframe carries (tension, compression, shear, bending and torsion), how materials respond through stress and strain, and why fatigue and stress concentrations limit structural life.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Supercharging and Turbocharging

How superchargers and turbochargers boost piston engine power at altitude, including wastegates, intercoolers, critical altitude, full throttle height and overboost.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Thermal Anti-Icing

How hot bleed air and electrical heating keep wings, engine intakes and nacelles free of ice, and how wing and engine anti-ice are used in operation.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Thrust Levers, Idle Modes and Engine Handling

How thrust levers command engine power, the different idle settings and why spool-up time matters, plus engine warm-up, cooldown and heat soak-back.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Thrust Reversers and Reverse Thrust

How clamshell, target and cascade thrust reversers redirect engine thrust, how they are locked and controlled, and the hazards of re-ingestion and uncommanded deployment.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Transformers, Converters and AC Motors

The devices that change voltage or convert between AC and DC on aircraft (transformers, rectifiers and inverters) and the induction and synchronous motors that run on AC.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Trim Systems

How aircraft are trimmed in pitch and yaw, including the trimmable horizontal stabiliser, its screwjack drive, the take-off green band and rudder trim.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Wheel Brakes

How aircraft wheel brakes are built and operated, from multi-disc carbon brakes to normal, alternate and parking brake systems, and the hazards of brake fade and hot brakes.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Yaw Dampers and Rudder Limiting

How yaw dampers and stability augmentation counter Dutch roll, and how rudder ratio changers and travel limiters restrict rudder authority at high speed.

LIBRARY · 11 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 ADIRS and Standby Instruments

The A320 Air Data and Inertial Reference System: ADR and IR functions, IR alignment and mode selection, air data and attitude source switching, the standby instruments and the unreliable-airspeed aids.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Air Conditioning

The A320 air conditioning system, its packs and controllers, pack flow selection, the mixing unit, zone temperature control with trim air, ram air and emergency ventilation, and the COND page.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 APU

The A320 auxiliary power unit: the ECB, fuel supply, start and shutdown sequences, operating envelope, emergency shutdown and the ECAM APU page.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Auto Flight: Approach, Landing and Go-Around

A320 approach guidance and automatic landing: the APPR pushbutton, ILS, FINAL APP and FLS approach modes, the decelerated approach and stabilisation, landing capability and autoland, the LAND, FLARE and ROLL OUT sequence, and go-around.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Auto Flight: FCU and AP/FD Modes

A320 autopilot and flight director operation: the FCU, managed versus selected guidance, FMA layout, AP engagement and disconnection, takeoff, lateral, climb, descent and altitude modes, mode reversions and the TCAS mode.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Autothrust and Thrust Levers

The A320 non-back-driven thrust levers and their detents, thrust limits and flexible take-off thrust, autothrust arming, modes and disconnection, thrust lock, and the alpha floor and low energy protections.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Bleed Air and Ice Protection

The A320 pneumatic system (engine bleed, precooler, bleed monitoring computers and the BLEED page) and the ice and rain protection it and the electrical system supply: wing and nacelle anti-ice, probe and window heat.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Cabin Systems and CIDS

The A320 Cabin Intercommunication Data System and forward attendant panel, cockpit and cabin calls and chimes, passenger system controls, cabin connectivity and in-seat power.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Characteristic Speeds

The characteristic speeds the A320 computes and displays on the PFD speed scale (VLS, VSW, green dot, S, F, VFE NEXT) and how managed approach speed uses ground speed mini.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Communications and Datalink

A320 radio communication equipment: radio management panels and their navigation backup, audio control panels and the AMU, transmit and interphone switching, VHF 3 and the DCDU for datalink messages.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Doors and Emergency Equipment

A320 passenger and cargo doors, door and slide monitoring, the cockpit door locking system, cockpit windows and escape ropes, evacuation signalling and emergency lighting power.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 ECAM and Warning System

The A320 ECAM: E/WD and SD displays, FWC and SDAC architecture, alert levels, aural and visual attention-getters, colour coding, memos, flight phases and inhibition, the ECAM control panel and the take-off configuration test.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 EIS Displays and EFIS Controls

The A320 Electronic Instrument System: DMCs and display units, PFD and ND symbology, EFIS control panel options, display transfer and reconfiguration, and the switching panel.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Electrical System

The A320 electrical generation and distribution system, from IDGs, APU and external power through the AC and DC bus network to the emergency generator, batteries and emergency electrical configuration.

LIBRARY · 11 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Engines and FADEC

The A320 family engines (CEO and NEO), FADEC and EIU control, engine start controls, automatic and manual start sequences, start protections, thrust reversers and engine monitoring.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Fire and Smoke Protection

A320 engine and APU fire detection loops and extinguishing, the fire panel and tests, and smoke detection in the cargo, lavatory and avionics compartments.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Flight Controls: Architecture and Computers

The A320 fly-by-wire flight control architecture: the ELAC, SEC and FAC computers, pitch, roll and yaw control surfaces, the THS and trim, spoilers and speedbrakes, and sidestick priority logic.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Flight Controls: Laws and Protections

The A320 flight control laws (normal, alternate, direct, abnormal attitude) with their ground, flight and flare modes, the normal-law envelope protections, and the stabilities and stall warning that replace them in degraded laws.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Flight Deck Design Philosophy

How the Airbus A320 flight deck is designed and operated: dark cockpit and need-to-see principles, pushbutton and colour conventions, crew roles, cockpit preparation and the operational documentation that supports it.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 FMGS and MCDU

The A320 Flight Management and Guidance System: FM and FG functions, FMGC operating modes, the MCDU and its key pages, flight plans, position computation and navigation accuracy, radio navaid tuning, flight phases and pseudo-waypoints.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Fuel System

The A320 fuel tanks, engine feed and pump sequencing, centre and outer tank transfers, fuel recirculation, quantity indication and level sensing, refuelling and low-level alerts.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Hydraulic System

The A320's three independent hydraulic systems (Green, Blue, Yellow), their pumps, the PTU and RAT, the controls and HYD page, and how single and dual hydraulic failures affect the aircraft.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Landing Gear, Brakes and Steering

The A320 landing gear, LGCIU and gravity extension, nosewheel steering, normal and alternate braking with anti-skid, autobrake, brake temperature management and the loss-of-braking procedure.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Oxygen System

The A320 flight crew and passenger oxygen systems: crew masks and their selectors, mask tests, crew supply limits, passenger mask deployment and the HI ALT LANDING function.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Pressurisation

The A320 cabin pressurisation system: cabin pressure controllers and outflow valve, automatic modes by flight phase, landing elevation and manual control, safety valves, ditching and the CAB PRESS page.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Recording and Maintenance Systems

The A320 centralized fault display system, maintenance indications and the flight data recording system, including the FDIMU and the recorder ground control function.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Slats and Flaps

The A320 high-lift system, its SFCC control and flap lever configurations, the alpha/speed lock and automatic retraction functions, and the wing tip brakes and failure detection that protect it.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

A320 Ventilation and Cargo Heating

A320 avionics ventilation (AEVC, skin heat exchanger, blower and extract fans and their configurations), lavatory and galley extraction, and cargo compartment ventilation and heating.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 Air Conditioning

The B737 air conditioning system: packs and primary/standby pack control, high flow modes, ram air, zone temperature control and trim air, flight deck air, equipment cooling and forward cargo smoke penetration prevention.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 APU

The B737 auxiliary power unit: operating altitude limits, starting and generator use, the APU ground control panel, and the APU fault, maintenance, oil pressure and overspeed indications.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 Autopilot Flight Director System

The B737 AFDS: the mode control panel, CMD and CWS engagement and disengagement, lateral and vertical modes including LVL CHG and VNAV, speed intervention and limiting reversions, and approach modes through dual-channel autoland and go-around.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 Autothrottle and Thrust Management

The B737 autothrottle and thrust management: arming and engagement, speed and N1 modes, throttle hold and A/T limit, N1 limits and reference bugs, speed protections and reversions, and the thrust mode display.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 Bleed Air and Anti-Ice

The B737 bleed air system: engine and APU bleeds, the isolation valve and duct pressure, bleed trip off and trip reset, dual bleed, wing-body overheat, and the engine cowl and wing anti-ice it supplies.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 Communications

The B737 communication system: audio control panels and the remote electronics unit, ACP degraded mode, radio tuning panels, VHF, HF and SELCAL, datalink, interphone and PA, crew calls and the cockpit voice recorder.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 Doors, Exits and Emergency Equipment

B737 flight deck door security, flight deck windows and escape straps, overwing exits and their flight lock, crew oxygen checks, and emergency lighting controls.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 Electrical System

The B737 electrical system: IDGs, APU and ground power, AC transfer buses and bus transfer, DC buses and TRs, batteries and hot battery buses, the standby power system, galley and cabin loads, and the electrical panel lights.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 Engines and Engine Indications

B737 engine control and indication: the EEC and its alternate modes (and the Classic MEC/PMC), engine start switches and levers, ignition, start protections, thrust reversers, and the primary, secondary and compact engine displays and alerts.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 Fire Protection

B737 fire and overheat protection for the engines, APU, cargo compartments and main wheel well: detection and tests, fire switches and bottles, the master FIRE WARN lights and bell, and the engine fire recall items.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 Flaps and Leading Edge Devices

The B737 trailing edge flaps and leading edge slats and flaps: the FSEU, flap gates and load relief, the autoslat system, alternate flap extension, indications and uncommanded motion protection.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 Flight Controls: Pitch and Stabilizer Trim

B737 pitch control: elevator feel, the stabiliser trim system and its cutout and override switches, the green band, speed trim, Mach trim, MCAS and the runaway stabiliser procedure.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 Flight Controls: Roll, Yaw and Speedbrakes

B737 roll and yaw control: ailerons and flight spoilers, manual reversion and jam override, the rudder with its load limiter, force fight monitor and standby PCU, the yaw dampers and SMYD, and the speedbrake and ground spoiler system.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 Flight Deck and Operating Documentation

An orientation to the Boeing 737 family and its flight deck documentation: the Classic, NG and MAX generations, preliminary preflight, non-normal checklists, the dispatch deviation guide and take-off performance data.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 Flight Instruments and Displays

The B737 Common Display System and flight instruments: DEUs and display units, PFD speed tape and approach symbology, ND and EFIS controls, display and instrument source switching, the IRS and ISDU, and the disagree and comparator alerts.

LIBRARY · 11 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 FMC and CDU

The B737 flight management computer and CDU: navigation databases, preflight initialisation pages, the LEGS and PROGRESS pages, VNAV descent planning and early descent, engine-out, approach and go-around logic, and FMC source selection and alerts.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 Fuel System

The B737 fuel tanks and pumps, centre tank use and auto shutoff, the scavenge jet pump, suction feed, engine and spar valves, fuel alerts and imbalance limits, fuel flow and refuelling.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 Hydraulic System

The B737 hydraulic systems A, B and standby, what each powers, the flight control switches and standby rudder, reservoir refill indication and hydraulic failures.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 Landing Gear and Brakes

The B737 landing gear and its lever and lock, PSEU air/ground sensing, the transfer valve, nose gear steering, normal and alternate brakes, the brake accumulator, anti-skid and autobrake including RTO.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 Pressurisation

The B737 pressurisation system: the mode selector, flight and landing altitude settings, automatic scheduling and ground pressurisation, off-schedule descent, cabin indications, AUTO FAIL and the cabin altitude warning.

LIBRARY · 7 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

B737 Warning Systems

B737 crew alerting: master caution and the system annunciator panel, recall and simple faults, the lights test, aural warnings such as the horn and clacker, stall warning icing logic, and GPWS inhibits and callouts.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

Airbus A220 Electrical System

The A220 electrical system from the MMEL and the Airbus Aircraft Characteristics: engine and APU generators, AC ground power and its limits, power centres and contactors, TRUs, batteries, the ram air turbine and what the MMEL allows when parts fail.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

Airbus A220 Engines: the PW1500G Geared Turbofan

The A220's Pratt & Whitney PW1500G: the geared turbofan principle, the engine's spools and gear, thrust ratings by A220 model, the limits in the EASA type certificate, FADEC and thrust control, start and ignition, and engine monitoring.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

Airbus A220 Flight Deck and Avionics

The A220 flight deck: five large displays and their controls, side-sticks, glareshield, pedestal and overhead panel, EICAS crew alerting, the optional HUD, the avionics builds and what changes for a pilot coming from the A320.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

Airbus A220 Fly-by-Wire Flight Controls

The A220's fly-by-wire flight controls from the type certificate, the MMEL and the training reports: side-sticks and priority, the three PFCCs, normal and direct modes, surfaces and spoilers, slats and flaps, protections and trim.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

Airbus A220 Fuel and Hydraulic Systems

The A220's fuel and hydraulic systems from the MMEL and the Airbus Aircraft Characteristics: tanks and capacities, pumps and transfer, refuelling, the three hydraulic systems with their pumps, PTU and accumulators, and the main failure cases.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

Boeing 787 Electrical System

The 787 electrical system: six starter generators, variable frequency power and the voltages Boeing described, the big motor loads, remote power distribution, the batteries, ground power and the ram air turbine.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

Boeing 787 Engines: GEnx-1B and Trent 1000

The two engines of the 787: the GE GEnx-1B and the Rolls-Royce Trent 1000, their architecture, thrust, limits from the type certificates, electric start, and what changes for pilots between them.

LIBRARY · 9 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

Boeing 787 Flight Controls

The 787 fly-by-wire flight controls: control wheel and column, flight control modules and modes, spoilers and flaperons, high-lift devices, autopilot backdrive and the protections pilots meet in training.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

Boeing 787 Fuel System

The 787 fuel system: tanks and capacities, pumps, crossfeed and fuel balance, jettison, the nitrogen generation system that inerts the tanks, and the fuel quantity system.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

Boeing 787 Hydraulic System

The 787 hydraulic system: three systems at 5,000 psi, engine-driven and electric pumps, the centre system's electric pumps, what each system powers, and why the brakes are electric.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

ATPL · Type rating

Boeing 787 No-Bleed Systems Architecture

Why the 787 takes almost no bleed air from its engines: electric cabin air compressors, electric wing ice protection, electric engine start, what still uses bleed air, and the fuel and maintenance case Boeing made for it.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Airline Pilot Ranks, Seniority and Scheduling

Explains flight crew ranks and the command upgrade, how seniority drives upgrades, bases and bidding, and the realities of reserve, commuting and furlough.

LIBRARY · 10 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Airline Pilot Recruitment and Selection

Walks through the airline hiring process, from application to competency-based interviews, simulator and personality assessments, conditional offers and pre-employment background checks.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

PPL · CPL · ATPL

Pilot Career Pathways

Covers the routes from a first flight to an airline seat, including cadet programmes, time building, flow agreements and the types of airline a pilot can join.

LIBRARY · 7 MIN→

CPL · ATPL

Pilot Unions and Professional Bodies

Covers the pilot unions and professional bodies, collective bargaining agreements, US airline labour law and union professional standards work.

LIBRARY · 8 MIN→

COURSE OVERVIEW

Boeing 737 NG to 737 MAX

A differences course for 737 NG pilots moving to the 737 MAX, built from the FAA FSB report, the EASA type certificate data sheet and the FAA and EASA return to service reports.

8 MODULES→

MODULE 1

The MAX Family and Your Type Rating

The 737 MAX models, why they share the B-737 type rating with the NG, the FAA differences levels A to E and what they require from NG to MAX, where the Appendix 7 special training fits, and the facts of the 2019 to 2020 grounding.

7 MIN→

MODULE 2

Airframe, Dimensions and Weights

What changes on the outside of the MAX and on paper: engines, winglets, nose gear, tailskid and tail lights, dimensions, exits and seating by model, certified weights, and the altitude, speed and other limits in the type certificate.

7 MIN→

MODULE 3

Engines

The CFM LEAP-1B that replaces the NG's CFM56-7B: engine models in the type certificate, why the installation matters, the EEC, indication, alert and thrust reverser changes the FSB lists, thrust setting, starting and limitations.

6 MIN→

MODULE 4

Flight Deck and Displays

The MAX Display System's four large screens against the NG's six display units, display formats and switching, the engine display control panel, EFIS panel, PFD and standby instruments, the two-position landing gear lever, and the FMC and CDU changes.

6 MIN→

MODULE 5

Flight Controls, MCAS and Stabiliser Trim

The fly-by-wire spoilers and their new functions, how MCAS works after the 2020 return-to-service update, and the changes to speed trim, stabiliser trim, STAB OUT OF TRIM and AOA DISAGREE, with the FSB level for each.

7 MIN→

MODULE 6

Systems by ATA Chapter

The remaining design differences in the FSB table from the 737-800 to the 737-8, grouped by ATA chapter with their training and checking levels, then the flight deck and procedure differences between the 737-8 and the 737-7, 737-9 and 737-8200.

6 MIN→

MODULE 7

Procedures and Special Training

What changes in normal and non-normal procedures on the 737 MAX, the special ground and simulator training of FSB Appendix 7, and the additional requirements EASA set for the return to service.

7 MIN→

MODULE 8

Quick Reference

One side-by-side table of the main differences between the 737-800 and the 737-8 with their FSB training and checking levels, then a revision list of the facts and figures to know.

5 MIN→

COURSE OVERVIEW

Airbus A320 family: ceo to neo, and A319 / A320 / A321

What changes when an A320-family pilot moves from ceo to neo or between the A319, A320 and A321, including the A321neo ACF and XLR, taken from the FAA and EASA documents.

7 MODULES→

MODULE 1

The A320 Family and Your Type Rating

The A318, A319, A320 and A321 in their ceo and neo versions, how to read a model number such as A320-214 or A321-251NX, the single type rating, the FAA and EASA differences levels A to E and the levels set between the variants.

8 MIN→

MODULE 2

A319, A320 and A321 Compared

The three main variants side by side from the EASA type certificate data sheet and the FAA and EASA differences tables: dimensions, exits and seating, weights, fuel, flaps, speed limits, altitude and the handling and systems items a pilot must know.

8 MIN→

MODULE 3

Engines, ceo and neo

The six engine families on the A320-family type certificate, which engine each model carries, what the engine suffixes and optional ratings mean, what the FAA and EASA require in training when the engine changes, and the engine limitations that do not carry across.

8 MIN→

MODULE 4

The neo Airframe and Systems

What the type certificate and its annexes record as changed in the neo airframe and systems, chapter by chapter, and what each change means for a ceo pilot.

8 MIN→

MODULE 5

Flight Deck and Procedures

What a ceo pilot sees and does differently on the neo, from engine indications and start to flap settings, go-around, abnormal procedures and limitations, and which ceo figures not to carry across.

6 MIN→

MODULE 6

A321neo ACF and XLR

The A321neo Airbus Cabin Flex with its new exit and tank options, and the A321neo XLR with its rear centre tank, electrical rudder and revised flight control laws, with the FSB training levels.

8 MIN→

MODULE 7

Quick Reference

Side-by-side tables of the A319, A320 and A321 ceo, of ceo against neo and of the A321neo, ACF and XLR, then a revision list of the differences that matter most.

6 MIN→

NTSB · 2019

Atlas Air Flight 3591

A 767 freighter's go-around mode engaged by accident in turbulence; the first officer, disoriented, pushed the aeroplane into a steep dive, and 32 seconds after the mode change it struck the bay.

INVESTIGATION · 11 MIN→

NTSB · 2018

Southwest Airlines Flight 1380

How a fatigue crack in one CFM56-7B fan blade led to a lost cabin window, a rapid decompression and an emergency landing at Philadelphia.

INVESTIGATION · 11 MIN→

BEA · 2015

Germanwings Flight 9525

The BEA's findings on the deliberate descent of an A320 into the French Alps, the co-pilot's medical certification and the reinforced cockpit door that kept the captain out.

INVESTIGATION · 12 MIN→

NTSB · 2013

Asiana Airlines Flight 214

A 777 crew on a visual approach to San Francisco unintentionally left the autothrottle in HOLD at idle, noticed the decaying airspeed only at about 200 ft and struck the seawall after a late go-around.

INVESTIGATION · 11 MIN→

ATSB · 2010

Qantas Flight 32

How a manufacturing flaw in an oil pipe led to a turbine disc burst on an A380, and how a five-pilot crew worked through the damage and landed at Singapore.

INVESTIGATION · 12 MIN→

BEA · 2009

Air France Flight 447

A temporary loss of airspeed indications at FL350 led to inappropriate control inputs, a stall that the crew never identified and the loss of all 228 people on board.

INVESTIGATION · 12 MIN→

NTSB · 2009

Colgan Air Flight 3407

A Q400 slowed into its stick shaker on a night approach in icing conditions; the captain's aft column inputs stalled the wing and he pulled against the stick pusher.

INVESTIGATION · 11 MIN→

NTSB · 2009

US Airways Flight 1549

Both engines of an A320 ingested Canada geese at 2,818 ft above ground; the crew glided to a ditching on the Hudson River and all 155 people on board survived.

INVESTIGATION · 11 MIN→

ATSB · 2008

Qantas Flight 72

Faulty angle of attack spikes from one of three air data units, and a rare gap in the flight control software, made an A330 pitch down twice in cruise, injuring many unbelted occupants.

INVESTIGATION · 11 MIN→

AAIB · 2008

British Airways Flight 38

How ice that built up inside a Boeing 777's fuel system on a cold flight from Beijing blocked the fuel flow to both engines on final approach to Heathrow.

INVESTIGATION · 12 MIN→

NTSB · 2006

Comair Flight 5191

Cleared for runway 22 at Lexington, a CRJ crew lined up in the dark on runway 26, less than half as long, and crashed beyond its end.

INVESTIGATION · 11 MIN→

AAIASB · 2005

Helios Airways Flight 522

A 737 left Larnaca with its pressurisation in manual; the crew mistook the cabin altitude horn, lost consciousness from hypoxia, and the aircraft flew on autopilot until its fuel ran out.

INVESTIGATION · 11 MIN→

BFU · 2002

Überlingen Mid-Air Collision

Two jets cleared at FL360 collided near Lake Constance at night after a late ATC descent instruction to one crew contradicted its TCAS climb advisory; all 71 people on board died.

INVESTIGATION · 12 MIN→

NTSB · 2001

American Airlines Flight 587

An A300-600's fin broke off in the climb when repeated full rudder reversals after a minor wake encounter built loads beyond the ultimate design load.

INVESTIGATION · 11 MIN→

GPIAA · 2001

Air Transat Flight 236

A fuel leak from a mis-installed engine tube, crossfed instead of isolated, left an A330 without fuel over the Atlantic; the crew glided it to a landing in the Azores.

INVESTIGATION · 12 MIN→

NTSB · 2000

Alaska Airlines Flight 261

An MD-83's stabiliser trim jackscrew lost its nut threads through lack of grease, and extended check intervals let the wear go undetected until pitch control was lost.

INVESTIGATION · 12 MIN→

TSB · 1998

Swissair Flight 111

A fire hidden above the cockpit ceiling of a Swissair MD-11 spread through flammable insulation during a diversion to Halifax, degrading the aircraft's systems until control was lost and it struck the sea.

INVESTIGATION · 11 MIN→

NTSB · 1989

United Airlines Flight 232

A DC-10's tail engine fan disk burst in cruise and cut all three hydraulic systems; the crew steered it to Sioux City using engine thrust alone.

INVESTIGATION · 12 MIN→

AAIB · 1989

British Midland Flight 92 (Kegworth)

After a fan blade failure in the left engine, the crew of a Boeing 737-400 shut down the right engine; the damaged engine failed on final approach and the aircraft crashed beside the M1.

INVESTIGATION · 12 MIN→

NTSB · 1982

Air Florida Flight 90

A Boeing 737 took off in continuing snow with contaminated wings and far less thrust than its iced EPR gauges showed, could not sustain flight after liftoff and struck a bridge over the Potomac.

INVESTIGATION · 12 MIN→